INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ACTIVITIES OF THE WORLD’S LEADING LIBRARIES AND THEIR USE UNDER MODERN COMMUNICATIONS

and communication technology is being intensively implemented in libraries of Germany, Sweden and Denmark. The concept of the machinery of information flows has developed rapidly in the East, especially in libraries in China, Japan and Korea. Ukraine is actively using international electronic databases to build its strategy for library informatisation. At this stage, the task is to create integrated global information resources based on corporate activities of libraries for the accumulation, storage and dissemination of information flows, and development of effective search engines and information services for users.


INTRODUCTION
The current stage of social development is characterised by the globalisation processes intensification and a significant increase in the role of information and communication technology. The possibility of free dissemination of knowledge in the information space creates the preconditions for changing the conceptual paradigm of the documentary communication system. One approach to its development is based on the phenomenon of open content, which means any intelligent products (text documents, multimedia materials, computer programs) presented on the Internet. Open content emerged in the developed foreign countries as a movement for the distribution of intellectual products. It is based on a combination of methods of cooperative production of intellectual products using non-commercial values; products created based on this methodology (electronic libraries, books, articles, audio and video files, etc.) and made available to the public; cultural values and norms of cooperation and self-organisation that unite project participants (Horovyi, 2010, p. 13;Diehtiar, 2013). The set of open library content projects forms a self-organising network environment. It is a single system of production, processing, creative thinking and use of the bank of information accumulated by humankind throughout history. Information and communication technology includes all types of technologies used for information processing, making it possible to present any information -numbers, texts, sound, images -in a digital format suitable for storage and processing on a computer. The ability to transfer information from computer to computer using Internet technology provides access to any user to the global information space (Dratckaia, 2019;Kolesnykova, 2013, pp. 18-19).
The aim of the study is to analyse the concept of formation and implementation of information and communication technology in the library system of America, Europe and the East with the positioning of the achievements of Ukraine, highlight the main technological elements which have been developed in the libraries and their role in quality customer service.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Coverage of information technology in library practice was based on comparative analysis and generalisation of official materials of the websites of the world's leading libraries and professional publications of foreign and domestic scientists.
Analysis of the foreign and domestic scientific publications on specific topics, on the one hand, confirmed its relevance among the scientific community, on the other -made it possible to clarify the lack of comprehensive study of foreign experience in implementing information and communication technologies in library practice, outline prospects for the use of best practices in libraries of Ukraine.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research methodology is based on structural-functional and general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, generalisation and systematisation. The social communication method led to the study of the evolution of information and library services from the standpoint of user needs with the development of innovative technologies in leading libraries worldwide, justifying the potential of information and communication technology to improve customer service. The use of the logical method and the analysis method made it possible to consider information technology as an effective tool for expanding the forms and methods of library work. The genetic-constructive method of the research results was used to substantiate the approaches to the organisation, relevance and prospects of use by Ukrainian libraries in information technology maintenance. Special historical methods were also used to study the main stages of formation and development of information and communication technology in library practice.
The source base of the study is represented by publications of foreign and domestic scholars, reference and statistical materials, as well as electronic resources that cover issues of library and information services.

SCIENTIFIC NOVELTY
The scientific novelty of the research is a comprehensive generalisation of new information and library services, as well as technological elements used in different countries, comparing the priorities of foreign libraries, which focus mainly on creating their e-products, developing search information strategies, solving problems of document digitisation, implementation innovative means of information.

RESULTS
The leadership in creating communication technology belongs to US libraries (Filipova & Oliinik, 2012, p. 36). In particular, the informal date of the formation of electronic libraries is 1971, when the Gutenberg Project was launched. In the same year, M. Hart from the Illinois University manually typed into the computer the "Declaration of Independence" and the Constitution of the United States of America, the text of the Bible and some other sources that belonged to the category of eternal values. This project covers several thousand publications, including well-known works of art, scientific treatises and public works. Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI) US National Research Program was launched in September 1994. It was funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF), the Agency for Advanced Research Projects (ARPA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was planned until completion in September 1998. It should be noted that this program is a significant part of the National Information Infrastructure (NII) program, the ultimate goal of which is to establish a system of information services for various structural strata of American society (Schatz & Chen, 1996, pp. 23-24).
Modern communication technology and the development of network infrastructures have allowed raising information services to a qualitatively new level. In the DLI project, an electronic library is seen as a library that stores information on electronic media and efficiently manipulates extensive collections (Krause, 2015, p. 61). While real e-libraries need to focus on the cost of accessing information sources and technologies for converting information into electronic storage, DLI research focuses on how to develop the necessary information structure and what is needed mechanisms for effective information retrieval on the network (Schatz & Chen, 1996, pp. 24-25).
The Working Group on Information Infrastructure Technology and Applications (IITA), as the Technical Committee for the Establishment of the NII, held a seminar in May 1995 to identify the main areas of research on the creation of electronic libraries, which were seen as a network of distributed repositories, indexed collections in which the objects of any type can be found, despite the differences in existing network protocols and storage formats. As a maximum task, they considered the achievements in the creation of the electronic libraries of deep semantic interaction, i.e. providing the user with the ability to logically consistently search among autonomously defined and supported classes of the objects and services distributed in heterogeneous repositories based on software that would merge such repositories or acted as an intermediary in accessing them, despite any inherent repository differences. To achieve this, breakthroughs were needed in describing the information and the development of protocols for information retrieval, exchange of objects and its retrieval (Schatz et al., 1996, pp. 29-30).
As a result of the competition from the 73 submitted projects in the DLI program, the projects of the Carnegie Mellon University, University of California, Berkeley; University of California, Santa Barbara; University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; University of Michigan; Stanford University were selected. All six participants used different approaches to solving problems related to creating and developing the electronic libraries and set themselves differ ent tasks. All projects had large-scale collections for basic research in the e-library building. Among all aspects of the study of the problems of creating and developing electronic libraries, the developers singled out indexing and federating because the search for information in the e-library is a search in an indexed collection of the objects, often distributed in the network. Thus, a repository is an indexed collection of objects. The process of its combining is to establish links (mapping) between similar objects stored in the different repositories. The end-user perceives them as belonging to the same collection repository. Both the indexing process and the process of merging repositories rest on the problems of semantics. Bruce Schatz, one of the leading experts at the University of Illinois in the field of information network search, in one of his speeches, said that the development of information retrieval in the network he would divide into the following stages: 1) the 1970s -90s -searching for the text the priority attention was paid to the syntax of presenting information; 2) the 1980s -90s -searching for the documents, the main attention was paid to the data structure; 3) late 1990s -2010 -conceptual search and attention to the semantics of data (Schatz et al., 1996, pp. 31-32).
The current stage of information retrieval development is aimed at the semantic analysis of information and the creation of the systems that allow for finding related parts in many distributed sources of information (Chukanova, 2014, p. 51). This approach is implemented based on the Standard Generalized Markup Language for textual information, i.e. only the most studied part of information resources. DLI projects are designed to create new information retrieval technology based on large-scale data Бібліотечна практика: інформаційні та соціокультурні аспекти Library Practice: Information and Socio-Cultural Aspects collections and partnerships, wherever it can be stored, taking into account its versatility (Schatz et al., 1996, pp. 32-33).
The most extensive library in the world, which is particularly careful to study the impact of new information technology on library processes, is the Library of US Congress. Users outside the library can get free access to its online catalogueue. The library's foremost exhibitions and selected publications, photographs, historical films, and political speeches are available online (Semesko, 2015, p. 17). More than 20% of all copies stored in the library have already been digitised, and between one and two thousand documents are digitised daily. Copies written in 420 languages, including Russian, are stored there. The library creates projects that are of interest to business structures. These are, in particular, joint projects with Google to digitise the library's funds, with Sony Music Entertainment to digitise gramophone music, and a project to create the John Kluge's training centre (Strishenets, 2000, pp. 43-44).
In recent decades, the Canadian libraries have become government priorities to promote informatisation and information training. In particular, the main directions of the state scientific and technical policy at the beginning of the 21st century include active support of general informatisation by ensuring the broadest possible access of the population to modern means of communication and sources of information; development of university science and its transformation into an "export product". It is important to create integrated mailings with the catalogueue, informing users of changes and updates in the directory. The e-catalogueues of Canada's leading libraries are integrated with social networks so that the user can send a link to a catalogueue or other library resource to their colleagues (Verhunov et al., 2019, pp. 45-46).
The top libraries in Europe pay no less attention to creating communication technology. Information and communication technology development primarily affects library websites, including central database management. As a rule, the sites of the European libraries perform the functions of marketing and distribution of the national bibliographic services (Dykha & Molchanova, 2016). For readers' needs, information can be obtained by choosing one of the most convenient languages. It is worth noting that the National Library of France is the only European library that allows the reader to work with the website in nine languages: English, Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Japanese or Chinese. Each European library has a free remote reference service that provides information on documents on any topic and informs the reader of factual data (biographical, events, figures or dates) (Herasiuta, 2013, pp. 29-30). Suppose the reader needs to get a copy of a document. In that case, this problem is helped to solve by the so-called commercial service, which prepares copies of documents stored in the library in various formats and on many types of media (Polova, 2015, pp. 46-47;Lesniak, 2012, p. 39).
The Swedish libraries offer their readers 92-93% of information via the Internet, and only 7-8% is stored in libraries on paper (Pashkova, 2011a, pp. 27-28). Danish libraries are quite active in project activities to introduce innovative technologies to create new types of services for users. For example, "Transformation Laboratory" is a project that changed the very idea of the library. Every 5-6 months, the space of the reading room changes. It is filled with new thematic content. For the development and implementation of laboratory projects, library readers are actively involved and are given the opportunity to self-realise (Pashkova, 2011b, pp. 44-45). Such joint creative projects have already become a music studio and a literary cafe. For example, the reading room has been transformed into a "Newsroom", which is equipped with modern technological equipment: an information column, plasma panels, touch monitors, making the library services more informative and accessible. To attract users' attention, they have developed an information gallery on the displays in the reading area to give constantly updated information to visitors (Petrina, 2008, p. 45).
We find the experience of information and library services in Slovenian libraries useful to study. For example, the University of Maribor Library has created the catalogueue "Codex+", which combines bibliographic catalogueues with databases and offers a variety of search tools. The mobile version of the databases has a "My Library" setting, which allows you to extend the document use, view the history of the books, reserve materials stored in other libraries. There are many useful communication library services in Slovenia. Thus, the "UM.NIK" service provides a simultaneous search of electronic and printed sources, and access to full texts and information about library sources. The "DKUM" service is combined access to e-information sources and doctoral dissertations. "BASE" is access to academic documents of research institutions. The depository provides the ability to view digital materials and special collections, and access to e-books in English. E-books can be downloaded to readers for a while via wireless access, order materials from libraries, print texts from microfilms. The National Library of Romania has a website with catalogueues and databases: BN online catalogueue; standard virtual catalogueue -Book-a-Book, National bibliography, CIP bibliography, collective catalogueues, scientific databases, ROAD -Catalogue of open access resources (Verhunov et al., 2019, pp. 54-55).
Innovative technology of information and library services have found a place in the work of the libraries in Belarus. Its modernisation based on replacing traditional technologies with automated ones allows covering all aspects of activities to improve the quality of information services to users. In particular, I.S. Lupinovich Belarusian Agricultural Library of the Belarus National Academy of Sciences is the national information centre on agriculture and forestry, food industry, and natural resources. It is the main national repository of sectoral information resources, the National Centre of the United Nations International Information System on Agriculture and Food FAO, the centre of delivery of documents from foreign information centres of the International Network of National Agricultural Libraries FAO, the library-depository of FAO documents in Belarus, centre for coordination of information resources in the agro-industrial complex of Belarus. The library maintains and replenishes more than 40 bibliographic, abstract, factual, full-text and expert databases, which contain more than 20 million records and millions of pages of full texts. The library offers its users: a free service for checking electronic text documents for borrowings using the system "Antiplagiarism"; access to the encyclopedic multimedia resource of the Horticulture Compendium CABI Publishing (Great Britain), which specialises in the production of scientific literature on agricultural topics and related fields; access to full texts of dissertations of the e-library of dissertations of the Russian State Library; access to the Polpred.com database and the Znanium.com electronic library system; access to the CAB Abstracts database -The World's Leading Agriculture Database -an international information system for agricultural sciences and technologies; access to the electronic database of Chinese scientific journals on agriculture -China Academic Journals Fulltext Database (D -Agriculture) (Verhunov et al., 2019, pp. 55-56).
Since 2012 on the Central Scientific Library of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus website, an information database "National Academy of Sciences in the Media" has been available, including publications in newspapers, magazines, and Internet resources. The e-catalogueue allows remote access to information from personal computers outside the library. This library was the first in the country to provide such a service as ordering literature through an electronic catalogueue in real-time from any automated workstation that has access to the Internet and at any time. In general, the following innovative services have been introduced in the libraries of Belarus in the last decade: electronic delivery of documents; organisation of virtual help services; creation of electronic libraries; sending information using the "notification function" (e-mail, RSS-feed); direct connection of scientific institutions of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus to foreign information resources; launch of a virtual reading room project; system of selective dissemination of information (SDI). Regarding the SDI, the automated systems are created. Web technology is used, allowing for regular automatic distribution of notifications as the databases are restored according to the user-defined profile (Verhunov et al., 2019, pp. 56-57).
Under the development of communication technology, Ukrainian libraries are introducing new approaches to forming and disseminating information (Koval & Turovska, 2015, pp. 9-10;Mar'ina, 2009, p. 21). In particular, the National Scientific Agricultural Library creates its e-products: e-catalogue, bibliographic databases, full-text electronic collections, e-library. Almost all the documentary content of the library is presented through the UkrAgroteka e-catalogue, which now includes more than 400 thousand bibliographic records. UkrAgroteka has been formed since 2000 and includes annotated bibliographic records for books, brochures, magazines, electronic documents, online resources and other documents, as well as articles from collections, and periodicals published in Ukraine and directly related to the development of the agro-industrial complex (Borodai, 2020, pp. 102-103). "UkrAgroteka" is included in the international scientific and technical databases and reference resources on agriculture. Free access is provided, which ensures its effective use in the context of European integration. In addition, the library provides access to other online products presented in the format of electronic exhibitions, information-analytical, scientific, and library resources. At this stage, it maintains and replenishes more than 20 bibliographic, abstract, factual and full-text databases, which contain more than 20 million bibliographic records and millions of pages of full texts. First of all, these are Agros, Agris, Agricola, Agora, and others (Borodai, 2017, pp. 38-39).
Certain communication technology has been introduced into the information and library services system in Russian Federation resources (Elepov et al., 2000). In particular, one of the largest scientific libraries, the State Public Scientific and Technical Library of the Russian Federation, operates as a centre for electronic delivery of documents, fulfilling orders for literature on science and technology and, in part, agriculture, medicine, and medicine economics. They accept orders for domestic and foreign scientific and technical literature both in the traditional mode (issuance of originals, microcopies) and electronic (provision of electronic copies). The Library of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation provides such information services as search and selection of information using the resources of global networks; providing background information on working on the Internet; search for information on databases on different types of media; electronic mailings; execution of bibliographic and factual references of wide topics and different complexity of search, etc. Individual and group consultations on the basics of web navigation and Internet search engines, training in working with Netscape, Explore programs are also provided. The Federal State Budget Institution the Library of Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, unites more than 100 libraries that serve about 150 academic institutes, including the Pushchinsky, Chornogolovsky, Troitsky Research Centres, and the Research Institutes of Regional Research Centres. User registration is carried out in network mode in a single database. Library users have access to a large number of networked domestic and foreign e-sources.
We studied the state and trends in the communication technology introduction in the information support system of the East (Dolotova, 2015, p. 28). One of the largest libraries in the world is the National Library in Beijing, which has diverse collections of printed and non-traditional media. In 1991, a powerful information retrieval system based on the NEC ACOS 630 computer was created, which allowed restructuring the organisation of the most labour-intensive processes of completing, cataloguing of holdings and book circulation. This work began in 1975, when the library, creatively using the experience of foreign countries, developed and partially implemented the automation of some library and bibliographic processes. Since 1979, a machine-readable catalogue on magnetic tapes, compiled by the Library of Congress (LC MARC), has been widely used. In 1983, with the acquisition of the Japanese computer M-15OH, the multifaceted search and exchange of bibliographic information was mastered, the attributive dictionary of Chinese characters for editing national texts and its storing on floppy disks was developed, the Chinese MARC format was established, and access to Chinese books of more than 300 thousand titles was improved, computer processing of manuscripts and rare books of the Sun, Yuan, Min and Qing dynasties was began. The library has been performing the functions of the Chinese centre of International Serials Data System. Created an automated library information system is divided into four subsystems: search of information, service by the Chinese editions, the release of bibliographic indexes, and preservation of rare and valuable editions. It serves as a centre that unites the automated systems of the country's largest libraries, helps to open their book collections not only in Chinese but also in English, Japanese, Russian and some other foreign languages (Verhunov et al., 2019, pp. 59-60).
In 1997, the Ministry of Culture of China sent a proposal to the State Plan of the country on an important scientific and technical project, the Creation of a Chinese Experimental Digital Library. In April 2000, it was officially announced the beginning of its implementation. Other projects are also underway to create: the State Electronic Library of China, the Electronic Library of the Academy of Social Sciences, the Digital Library of Qing Hua University (Beijing), and the Electronic Library of the Shanghai City Library; Shanghai Transport University Digital Library; electronic library in Guang Dong Province. It is worth noting that the libraries of Ching Hua University and Shanghai Transport University are ahead in implementing the above projects.
The National Libraries of Japan and Korea have created nationwide digital libraries and metadata databases of articles, books, and manuscripts to help the public share